# Crash Hats

> A UK-focused guide to motorcycle and cycling helmet construction, safety standards, independent model ratings and buying decisions.

The site is a single HTML page. The links below go directly to its sections. Certification standards set requirements; independent rating programmes compare tested models. Neither a standard nor a rating guarantees protection in a particular crash. Check the exact model, size, market version and intended use.

## Helmet basics

- [How a Helmet Works](https://crashhats.uk/#how_a_helmet_works): Shell, impact-absorbing liner and comfort liner, with a labelled construction diagram.
- [Rotational Forces](https://crashhats.uk/#rotational_forces): Why oblique impacts and head rotation matter in helmet testing.
- [Technology](https://crashhats.uk/#technology): Examples of helmet design approaches and the limits of manufacturer claims.

## Standards and independent ratings

- [Standards](https://crashhats.uk/#standards): Selected motorcycle and cycling standards, including ECE 22.06, FIM FRHPhe-01/02, Snell and cycling approvals.
- [Independent Helmet Ratings](https://crashhats.uk/#independent_helmet_ratings): Model-level comparison programmes, with UK SHARP first.
- [SHARP](https://crashhats.uk/#sharp): The UK motorcycle-helmet rating scheme and its published test method.
- [Other Motorcycling Ratings](https://crashhats.uk/#other_motorcycling_ratings): CRASH and Certimoov.
- [Cycling Ratings](https://crashhats.uk/#cycling_ratings): Helmet STAR, Virginia Tech, Hiper and Folksam; Certimoov also rates cycling helmets.

## Buying advice and sources

- [Which Helmet?](https://crashhats.uk/#which_helmet): How to use certification, fit and model-specific evidence when buying.
- [Further Reading](https://crashhats.uk/#further_reading): Research, official standards sources and locally hosted PDF references.